Hey Guys,
This is the outline from the Review Session (Monday).
Chris
These are the distinctions between white and gray matter
White: Neurons possessing a myelin sheath
Gray: Cell bodies, dendrites, nerve terminals
These are the functions of the following organelles: Nucleus, Ribosomes, Golgi Apparatus, Mitochondria, ER, Smooth ER
Nucleus: mRNA Synthesis
Ribosomes: Protein Synthesis
Golgi: Protein Processing
Mitochondria: ATP Synthesis
ER: Location of Ribosomes
Smooth ER: Sequestering of Ca2+
The purpose and protein for each “Retrograde Transport” and “Anterograde Transport”
Retrograde: Dynein (Info about nerve terminal, metabolic needs, information about target neuron)
Anterograde: Kinesin (Transport metabolic needs to terminal)
The things each of these men are responsible for: Galen, Descarte, Broca, Golgi, Cajal, Nissl, Nernst, Loewi
Galen: Differential Brain Function
Descarte: Fluid/Hollow Tube Model
Broca: Fontal Lobe/Speaking
Golgi: Golgi Stain
Cajal: Individual Cells
Nissl: Nissl Stain
Nernst: Nernst Eq.
Loewi: Chemical Transmission Evidence
This was the disagreement between Cajal and Golgi and how the issue was resolved.
Golgi believed that the neuritis of different cells are fused together to form a continuous reticulum. Cajal, on the other hand argued forcefully that the neuritis of different neurons are not continuous with one another and must communicate by contact, not continuity. The development of the electron microscope offered proof of the neuron doctrine.
These are the most important ions with regard to neuronal functioning
Na+, K+, Cl-, and Ca2+
This is the typical value for a neuronal resting potential.
-65 mV
Calculate the Eq. Potential:
Eion = 61.54mV log (Out)/(In)
Provided:
Internal conc. =3mM and External conc. = 300mM
+123mV
This is how the resting membrane is produced, and the main ion that controls the resting potential.
The ion pumps, using ATP, pump K+ ions into the neuron in exchange for Na+ ions, which get pumped out of the cell. The main ion that controls the resting potential is K+, since this is the ion that is most permeable at rest.
This is the most common site of origination of an action potential
Axon Hillock
This involves the use of a myelin sheath, where the AP jumps from node to node, and travels much faster down the neuron.
Saltatory Conduction
These are the cells that myelin is made by
Oligodendroglial Cells
Information is coded in an Action potential in these ways
Variation of frequency and pattern
Describe the events to bring about the rising and falling phases of an action potential in terms of ion movements.
At threshold, the voltage-gated Na+ channels open up, allowing Na+ ions into the neuron. The permeability to Na+ dominates, and so the system moves toward the equilibrium potential for Na+. As the action potential proceeds, the Na+ channels close and the voltage-gated K+ channels open. This allows for an efflux of K+ and a return to the K+ equilibrium potential.
These are the (3) Anatomical Connections for axons
Axodendritic
Axosomatic
Axoaxonic
The Asymmetrical Gray’s Type I are… The Symmetrical Gray’s Type II are…
(describe abundance and excitatory/inhibitory)
Gray’s Type I: Excitatory (more abundant)
Gray’s Type II:
Inhibitory
These are the side effects of Botulinum Toxin (BTX) and Latrotoxin (LTX)
BTX: Selectively inhibits Ach release
LTX: Stimulation of Ach, then diminished release
The definition of EPSP and IPSP
EPSP (Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential): Depolarization of the post synaptic membrane
IPSP (Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential): Opposite
Describe the life cycle of a Neurotransmitter
Transmitter Synthesis, Transmitter Storage in vesicles, Transmitter Release, Receptor Interaction, and Transmitter Inactivation
The Three General Classes of Transmitters
Biogenic Amines, Amino Acids, Peptides
Definitions of:
-Imunohistochemistry
-in situ hybridization
1)The method using labeled antibodies to identify the location of molecules within a cell
2)Labeled DNA complementary to mRNA for protein of interest
These NTs are considered workhorses for excitation and inhibition respectively
Glutamate and GABA
Removal of the following ion from the incubation bath would decrease the ability of GABA to generate IPSPs:
Chloride
Describe G-Proteins and how they function in transmitting signals between neurons
G-proteins help mediate the signaling that occurs via G-protein associated receptors. When the transmitter binds to the receptor, it causes an activation of the G-protein. GTP displaces GDP that was bound to the G-protein. This in turn causes a dissociation of the G protein into subunits. These subunits can produce signaling.
This type of slice through the brain divides the brain into the left and right halves:
Sagittal
Describe both fMRI and PET Scan
FMRI- looks at ratio of oxygenated/de-oxygenated hemoglobin
PET Scan- Looks at the delivery of oxygen labeled with a positron emitting isotope of oxygen
Name the (3) Primary Brain Vesicles
Prosencephalon or Forebrain, Mesencephalon or Midbrain, and Rhombencephalon or hindbrain
Name the CNS areas that develop from the prosencephalon
Cerebral Cortex
Basal Ganglia
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Name the CNS areas that develop from the rhombencephalon
Cerebellum
Pons
Medulla
NT release occurs at active zones in response to Ca2+ entry and interaction with ________ Proteins
SNARE
