The functions of Oxytocin and Vasopressin
Oxytocin: Uterine Contractions and Milk Secretion
Vasopression: Stimulates was retention via reducing of urine output (also found in conjunction with Pair-Bonding
The autonomic nervous system uses this NT as a sympathetic transmitter, and this NT as a parasympathetic transmitter
Norepinephrine as a sympathetic transmitter
Acetylcholine as a parasympathetic transmitter
Describe the production of cortisol starting with the hypothalamic release of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
-Release of CRH
-Stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
-Stimulates adrenal cortex to release cortisol
The preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system have their cell bodies in the _______ regions of the spinal cord
Thoracic and Lumbar regions of the spinal cord
An agent secreted into the general circulation by the terminals of the magnocellular neurosecretory neurons of the hypothalamus in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland:
Vasopressin
αMSH, Leptin, CART, and Insulin all produce a decrease in:
Appetite
The ______ pathway from the ventral tegmentum to the nucleus accumbens is part of the reward system.
Dopamine
The hypothalamus controls the pituitary release of ____ and ____, which in turn influence sexual aspects such as sperm maturation and the menstrual cycle.
LH and FSH
NPY (neuropeptide Y) and AgRP (agouti-related peptide) are examples of ___ peptides
Orexigenic
Describe Levay’s study and possible implications
Levay examined the brains of homosexual individuals and heterosexual individuals and found that INAH-3 (interstitial nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus) had a larger area for heterosexual men. This suggest a nature component to sexual orientation.
This is the Cannon-Bard Theory on the Source of Emotionality
Emotions originate in the brain which leads to emotional expression
Name the structures involved in the Papez Circuit
Neocortex, Cingulate Cortex, Hippocampus, Hypothalamus, Anterior Nuclei of Thalamus, and Amygdala
Damage to the Amygdala will cause:
Flattened affect (emotionality); Loss of ability to recognize fearful facial expression
These are the 3 Criteria for Drug Addiction
1)Continued drug-seeking behavior when unavailable
2) High motivation for the drug
3) Continued use despite adverse consequences
A lack of 5-HT (serotonin) functioning may contribute to
Aggressive Behavior
The biological clock found in the hypothalamus
Suprachiasmatic Nuclei (SCN)
Benzodazepines, such as Valium and Xanax do this:
Potentiate GABA action at GABAA receptors
Describe how Adenosine contributes to sleep physiology
Adenosine levels increase during the day and induces sleep when a high level is reached. Adenosine levels decrease during sleep
The purpose of sleep:
The purpose of dreaming:
We don’t know.
Compare Non-REM to REM Sleep
Non-REM: Moveable body, Low energy consumption, EEG- High voltage, slow frequency
REM: Paralyzed body, High brain energy consumption, EEG- Opposite
Describe the wine and cheese effect
Monoamine Oxidase inhibitors (MAOI) prevent the metabolism of tyramine that is found in wine and cheese. Tyramine has peripheral actions similar to amphetamine. Therefore, with MAOI plus cheese you might see: An increase in BP
Describe vertical cleavage, horizontal cleavage, and the significance of Numb and Notch-1
Vertical: Daughter cells stay
Horizontal: Further daughter cell leaves
Notch-1/Numb: The daughter high in Notch-1 and low in Numb will migrate
If one identical twin suffers from manic-depressive disorder (bipolar depression) the chance that the other twin will also is between __ and __%
Between 50% and 80%
Describe the actions of chemoattractants and chemorepellents
They are involved in a push/pull mechanism. Attracting the axon and then repelling it.
What is the evidence for a biochemical cause of unipolar depression?
The use of reserpine to treat hypertension also producing clinical depression in 20% of the patients.
The use of agents to treat tuberculosis that also caused mood elevation.
Genetic evidence, seen especially in identical twins.
Long term memory requires this:
Protein Synthesis
Induction of both LTP (long-term potentiation) and LTD (long-term depression) in brain tissue slices depends upon entry of _______ into the cells
Calcium
Describe the role of CREB-1 with regards to long term memory
CREB-1 is a transcription factor which may play a role in the formation of long term memory
Long-term potentiation will _____ in the presence of NMDA receptor blockers
Decrease
In the Gill Reflex, when a stimulus is applied to the siphon skin, there is a gill withdrawal reflex. When this stimulus is coupled with a shock to the head, the gill withdrawal reflex is more pronounced. How has this been explained at the synaptic (neurotransmitter and 2nd messenger) level?
L29 releases serotonin. This activates an adenylyl cyclase to make more cAMP. The cAMP activates PKA, which causes the voltage-gated potassium channels to be less active. This will delay the hyperpolarization and will keep the membrane potential depolarized longer, so that more calcium can enter. This will allow for more transmitter release
This pathway is the target for many addictive drugs (cocaine, nicotine, etc.)
Dopamine Pathway from Ventral Tegmentum to Nucleus Accumbens
